GDB tips:
http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbadvanced.html

Linux Kernel Coding Style:
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5780
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5780?page=0,1
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5780?page=0,2
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5780?page=0,3

On performance and synchronization:
http://erratasec.blogspot.com/2012/01/multithreaded-teaches-wrong-lessons.html
Further case study of the material mentioned in the updates would make a fine class
project (especially, synchronization between a fast hardware as a source 
of data and the software consuming this data).

Note on ASLR in Linux:
http://justanothergeek.chdir.org/2010/02/no-more-alsr-bypass-on-linux-2630.html

=====

How kernel implementations of syscall logic find which process
called them (i.e., in which "process context" they were called):

current() defined in 

http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.1/arch/x86/include/asm/current.h

with macros from
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.1/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.1/include/linux/export.h
piped trough 
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.1/include/linux/percpu-defs.h
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.1/arch/x86/include/asm/percpu.h