% LaTeX example by THC for CS 188 03F.

% 10pt (the default) is pretty small.  12pt is kind of large.  I find
% 11pt to be just right.
\documentclass[11pt]{article}

% You get CM (Computer Modern) if you don't use mathtime.  Don't use
% times because then the math will be in CM and the text will be in
% Times; the result looks pretty bad.  The [mtbold] option makes it
% so that boldface font looks correct in math mode.  And you'll need
% it if you need to use the latexsym package.  (The clrscode package,
% which we'll see later in the course, requires latexsym, so if you're
% going to use mathtime and clrscode, you'll need to give the [mtbold]
% option to mathtime.)
\usepackage[mtbold]{mathtime}

% LaTeX's default margins for article are overly generous, especially
% when you're facing a page limit.  My page.tex makes the margins more
% stingy.
\input{page}

\begin{document}

When I use emacs, if the file name ends with ``.tex'' then emacs puts
me into tex-mode.  One of the beauties of tex-mode is that when I type
a double-quote character, either `` or '' is produced.  Emacs seems to
have some idea of which to use, though it's not always right.

% Note the use of \emph rather than \textit, and the use of the empty
% curly braces after \LaTeX2e.

What you \emph{don't} want in regular text in \LaTeX2e{} is to use the
true double-quote character: ".  It may look good as a right quote,
but it won't look good as a left quote: Phil Rizzuto once said to me,
"Holy cow, a baseball!"

I promised that I would talk about the four kinds of dashes.  How
about now?
\begin{description}

\item[Hyphen:] Used for hyphenated words, like mother-in-law or
fat-tree.  Also used when a word has to be hyphenated at the end of a
line, like Tim's original name for jefferson, that name being
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

\item[En-dash:] An \textbf{en} is a typesetting unit corresponding to
the width of a lowercase `n'.  To get an en-dash, whose width is an
en, type two dashes in row, with no space between them: -- .  Use an
en-dash for a range: a conference talk lasts 20--30 minutes; I was in
grad school during the years 1984--1992; please read pages 55--72.

\item[Em-dash:] An \textbf{em} is the width of a lowercase `m'.  Type
three dashes in a row (---) for an em-dash.  An em-dash is punctuation
that sets off part of a sentence.  You can use em-dashes like
parentheses or commas:
\begin{quote}
I am---and I say this in all truthfulness---the best goaltender on the
faculty at Dartmouth.
\end{quote}
You can also use an em-dash like a colon:
\begin{quote}
You're looking at the best goaltender on the faculty at Dartmouth---me!
\end{quote}

\item[Minus sign:] Minus signs appear in math formulas, and so they
appear only in math mode (which includes math displays).  Note the
difference between 7 - 4 and $7 - 4$.

\end{description}

One subtlety with dashes is that you typically should not put any
space around them.  That guideline does not apply to minus signs,
since math mode ignores whitespace and figures out spacing on its own.
But you shouldn't write mother - in - law, pages 55 -- 72, or wingers
--- the orangutangs of the rink.  There may be exceptions to this
no-space-around-dashes guideline---which is why I call it a guideline
rather than a rule---but I cannot think of any.

% Note how \verb even suppresses the interpretation of a macro.

Space at the end of a sentence is a subtle issue.\ Notice how this
sentence and the topic sentence of this paragraph run together.  Now
observe how this sentence has a little more space before it, so that
you can pick out the individual sentences a little more easily.
There's actually a command called \verb`\frenchspacing` \frenchspacing
that suppresses the space at the end of a sentence.  You can make a
macro named \verb`\freedomspacing` that expands to
\verb`\frenchspacing`.  When you tire of \verb`\frenchspacing`, you
can hit the undo button with the command \verb`\nonfrenchspacing`
\nonfrenchspacing to return to good old 'Merkin spacing.  See?  Of
course, you'll never use \verb`\frenchspacing`, but it's good to know
these obscure \LaTeX2e{} things for your next cocktail party.

\LaTeX2e (\TeX{} actually) decides where a sentence ends as follows:
\begin{itemize}

\item All sentences end at a period, question mark, or exclamation
point.  (We'll abbreviate that as PQE\@.)

\item If a PQE follows any character other than an uppercase letter,
or if it follows any character other than an uppercase letter and that
character is followed by a right parenthesis or right quote (single or
double), then that PQE marks the end of a sentence.

\item If a PQE follows an uppercase letter, then that PQE does not end
a sentence.  That's so P. D. Q. Bach comes out correctly, rather than
P\@. D\@. Q\@. Bach.

\item You can alter item~2 by putting an explicit space after the
PQE\@.  I like Lamport's example:
\begin{quote}
Tinker et al.\ made the double play.
\end{quote}

\item You can alter item~3 by putting a backslash-at after the
uppercase letter but before the PQE\@.  Like I just did.  Here's what
happens if I don't put the backslash-at before the PQE.  Not enough
space!

\end{itemize}

How about them nonbreaking spaces?  Lamport has some good examples,
like Mr.~Jones (here the nonbreaking space also has the beneficial
effect of telling \TeX{} that ``Mr.''\ does not end the sentence),
U.~S.~Grant (again, note the beneficial side effect), Figure~7, from 1
to~10, and (1)~gnats.

But there are many other times that you should use nonbreaking spaces.
If you are listing several short items with an ``and'' or ``or''
before the last one, put a nonbreaking space between the ``and'' or
``or'' and the last item.  Too see why, take note that the consonants
are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and~z.
Without that nonbreaking space, that `z' would look lonely.

I tend to avoid nonbreaking spaces before ranges.  For example, I
would type pages 55--72 rather than pages~55--72.  The reason is that
\TeX{} might decide to break before the 72, and that would look really
bad.  If I \emph{really} want the entire text ``pages 55--72'' on the
same line, then I should use an \verb`\mbox`: \mbox{pages 55--72}.
There are some subtleties to using \verb`\mbox` that we'll discuss
later on.

Another place to put a nonbreaking space is between a mathematical
``type'' and a mathematical object.  For example, you should not type
something like ``consider any Republican-loving, red-meat-eating,
vertex $v$.''  Instead, type ``vertex~$v$.''  This rule (now it's a
rule) holds even if the text in question does not end a sentence.

For years, I did not routinely type in the nonbreaking space in
phrases like ``vertex~$v$'' or ``vertices $u$ and~$v$''.  I learned my
lesson early in 1990 when we were dealing with line breaks in the
first edition of CLR\@.  There were a ton of bad line breaks that
could have been avoided had I just put in the nonbreaking spaces in
the first place.  Ever since then, I have made it my business to just
type in the nonbreaking spaces at the time I type in the text.  It has
become second nature to me.

It took me a long time to understand the nature of the comment in
\TeX{}\@.  A \verb`%` indicates that the rest of the line is a comment.
But wait\ldots there's more!  All spaces at the beginning of the next
line are ig%nominiously dumped into the bit bucket
                  nored, too.

What about if the next line is totally blank?  Does the entire blank
line get %

gobbled up so that the effect of the paragraph break is lost?  No!!
Now, the blank line above had no spaces; it was just a newline.  Let's %
  
try a line with spaces (the above line has two spaces).  Still no
change!

\end{document}