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\input{thcmac2e}

\newcommand{\BibTeX}{\textsc{Bib}\TeX}

\begin{document}

\bibliographystyle{plain}
%\bibliographystyle{alpha}

\title{Using \BibTeX}
\author{}
\date{}

\maketitle

\noindent Considering how many times we need to cite other works in
our papers, \BibTeX{} is the greatest thing since curved goalie
sticks.

To use \BibTeX{}, you need to do the following:
\begin{enumerate}

\item Prepare one or more .bib files, each containing \BibTeX{}
entries.  Appendix~B of Lamport tells you about .bib files.

\item Include a \verb`\bibliographystyle` command in your .tex file to
indicate how you want the bibliography to appear.  It has to come
somewhere after the \verb`\begin{document}` command.  The standard
options are
\begin{itemize}

\item \verb`\bibliographystyle{plain}`: entries are sorted
alphabetically and referenced by numbers.

\item \verb`\bibliographystyle{alpha}`: entries are sorted
alphabetically and referenced by labels formed from the author names
and year of publication.  For example, a paper that has just me as the
sole author and was published in 1998 would have the label [Cor98],
whereas CLRS has the label [CLRS01].

\item \verb`\bibliographystyle{unsrt}`: entries are in order of first
citation and referenced by numbers.

\item \verb`\bibliographystyle{abbrv}`: like \verb`plain` except that
first names, months, and journal names are abbreviated.

\end{itemize}

If you hunt around in the directories /usr/share/texmf/bibtex/bst, you
can find other styles, like \verb`siam`, \verb`acm`, and
\verb`ieeetr`.

\item At the location where you want the bibliography to appear, put a
\verb`\bibliography` command.  It takes as an argument a
comma-separated list of the .bib files it should use.  You can omit
the .bib suffix.  I find it best to not use the tilde form of a
directory.  Luckily, on our department systems, /u/thc is the same as
\~{ }thc.

\item Use the \verb`\cite` command for all citations.

\end{enumerate}

\subheading{The .bib files}

You can have as many .bib files as you like.  I have one for
I/O-related papers and one for general papers.  I also have one for
FFT-related papers.

In retrospect, I should probably have had just one .bib file for
everything.  I've been migrating toward doing so, and my file \~{
}thc/mytex/papers.bib has almost everything I've put into \BibTeX{}
form.

We'll go over papers.bib.  Things to note:
\begin{itemize}

\item emacs has a BibTeX mode.  In BibTeX mode, a 3-key combination
beginning C-c C-e will give you all the fields for a particular type
of \BibTeX{} entry.  For example, to get all the fields for an
article, type C-c C-e C-a.  Personally, I cannot remember all of the
key bindings, so I either (a)~hunt around until I get what I want, or
(b)~type C-h m when in BibTeX mode to get a list of key bindings.
After you have filled in all the fields you want to fill in, type C-c
C-c; this command ``cleans'' the entry by removing all unused fields
and removing ``OPT'' from the optional fields that you have filled in.

I recommend that you put the following line in your .emacs file:
\begin{verbatim}
(set-variable 'bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries t)
\end{verbatim}
This line will ensure that BibTeX mode keeps your entries sorted by
key.

\item The way that BibTeX mode operates has changed over the years.  I
think that every entry in papers.bib was generated with BibTeX mode,
but whereas now entries are enclosed in curly braces, they used to be
enclosed in double-quotes.

\item A hyphen in the pages field is considered to denote a range, and
\BibTeX{} automatically converts it to an en-dash.  If you have a page
number with a hyphen in it (e.g., pages C-10--C-22), you're in
trouble.  If you put the en-dash in the pages field, it's left as a
single en-dash.

\item If you put curly braces around something, it will be typeset
exactly as you have typed it.
\begin{itemize}

\item For titles that are of papers (i.e., @Article or
@InProceedings), \BibTeX{} normally makes only the first word and a
word following a colon start with a capital letter.  If you want
``I/O'' to appear in a title as ``I/O'' and not ``i/o'', put curly
braces around it.

\item If you use the 3-letter month abbreviations, remove the curly
braces from around them.

\item If you use abbreviations for journals or conferences (i.e., you
take advantage of @string and the builtin @string commands), remove
the curly braces from around their uses.

\end{itemize}

\item Yes, you use @string to define your own strings, typically for
conferences and journal.  \BibTeX{} has a handful of builtin @string
commands.  You can see which ones \BibTeX{} has builtin by examining
the .bst files in /usr/share/texmf/bibtex/bst, especially in the
directory /usr/share/texmf/bibtex/bst/base.  Search for \verb`MACRO`;
you'll find how months and journal names are predefined.

\item When writing the first edition of CLR, we adopted the convention
that the key we use is
\begin{enumerate}

\item the full last name of the first author, followed by

\item the first two letters of the last name of each of the other
authors, followed by

\item two digits for the year of publication, optionally followed by

\item 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., as necessary to make the key unique.

\end{enumerate}

Now, you may choose a different scheme.  For example, if you look at
Dave Kotz's bibliography file \~{ }dfk/bib/whole.bib, you'll see that
Dave uses keys that are the full last name of the first author,
followed by a colon, followed by a descriptive phrase.  Dave also
often includes the abstract and/or some comment text.  I usually
don't, since there is no way that's going to appear in any use of the
entry.

\item When \BibTeX{} was devised, there was no such thing as the Web,
and hence no notion of publishing on the Web or of URLs.  If something
is published only on the Web, I use the @Misc entry type.  If you just
type in a URL into the howpublished field, you're likely to get some
overfull lines.  Since you won't have the option of rewriting, you
need to allow line breaks.  You can use either the
\verb`\allowbreak{}` command or the \verb`\linebreak[1]` command to do
so.  For example, see the entries with keys Cormen03a, Cormen03b, and
Cormen97a in papers.bib.

Note also that if you want to typeset a tilde without resorting to the
typewriter-like font you get from the \verb`\verb` command, you can
just enter \verb`\~{ }`.

\end{itemize}

\subheading{Citing bibliography entries}

There are a few things about using the \verb`\cite` command that you
should know.

\begin{itemize}

\item Do not run the citation into the text preceding or following it.
\begin{quote}
Cormen, Davidson, and Chatterjee first described FG\cite{CormenDaCh03}
in June~2003.
\end{quote}
is wrong.
\begin{quote}
Cormen, Davidson, and Chatterjee first described FG \cite{CormenDaCh03}
in June~2003.
\end{quote}
is correct.

\item To cite more than one reference at the same point in the text,
use just one \verb`\cite` command, with keys separated by commas.
\begin{quote}
Cormen and his coauthors produced several papers on out-of-core
sorting \cite{ChaudhryCo02}, \cite{ChaudhryCo03a},
\cite{ChaudhryHaCo03a}, \cite{ChaudhryCoWi01}.
\end{quote}
is wrong.
\begin{quote}
Cormen and his coauthors produced several papers on out-of-core
sorting
\cite{ChaudhryCo02,ChaudhryCo03a,ChaudhryHaCo03a,ChaudhryCoWi01}.
\end{quote}
is correct.

\item The above example also illustrates one of my pet peeves.  When
citing multiple references in the same place, the citations should
appear \emph{exactly} in the order in which they appear in the
bibliography.  What I should have done above was
\begin{quote}
Cormen and his coauthors produced several papers on out-of-core
sorting
\cite{ChaudhryCo02,ChaudhryCo03a,ChaudhryCoWi01,ChaudhryHaCo03a}.
\end{quote}
You may have to reorder the citations, depending on the bibliography
style you're using.  For example, \verb`plain` and \verb`alpha` may
put the references in different orders in the bibliography.

\item As a matter of style, try to avoid using a citation as a noun
phrase.  For example,
\begin{quote}
\cite{ChaudhryCoWi01} showed that out-of-core columnsort is
competitive with NOW-Sort.
\end{quote}
is not as good as
\begin{quote}
Chaudhry, Cormen, and Wisniewski \cite{ChaudhryCoWi01} showed that
out-of-core columnsort is competitive with NOW-Sort.
\end{quote}
This advice is more of a guideline than a rule.  There are times that
using a citation as a noun phrase is almost unavoidable, but do what
you can to avoid these situations.

\item If you are referencing a book, it is a nice courtesy to the
reader to give the appropriate pages or section.  That's because it's
usually not so hard to find material in a paper, but books are a lot
bigger.

To give a location within the citation, you use the optional argument
to \verb`\cite`:
\begin{quote}
Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein
\cite[pp.~509--517]{CormenLeRiSt01} analyze the disjoint-set-union
algorithm with path compression and union by rank via the potential
method.
\end{quote}
Or,
\begin{quote}
Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein
\cite[Section~21.4]{CormenLeRiSt01} analyze the disjoint-set-union
algorithm with path compression and union by rank via the potential
method.
\end{quote}

If you want to cite a location within a citation and you have more
than one citation, you'll need to use multiple citations.  In this
case, you'll want to rewrite your text so that it flows smoothly.
\begin{quote}
Both editions of \textit{Introduction to Algorithms}
\cite[pp.~450--458]{CormenLeRi90} and
\cite[pp.~509--517]{CormenLeRiSt01} analyze the disjoint-set-union
algorithm with path compression and union by rank, but they use
different methods for the analyses.
\end{quote}

\end{itemize}

\subheading{Running the commands}

When your paper uses \BibTeX{}, you have to run four commands to
create the .dvi file:
\begin{enumerate}

\item Run latex on your .tex file.  That gets the bibliography style
and citation keys into your .aux file.

\item Run bibtex on your .tex file.  The bibtex program will read the
.aux file to determine the bibliography style it should use and which
keys it needs to find in the .bib files.  The bibtex program produces
two files: a .bbl file, which will turn into the bibliography in your
paper, and a .blg file, which is just a log file.

\item Run latex on your .tex file again.  That gets the citations into
the output of latex, but you'll still get complaints about undefined
citations.

\item Run latex on your .tex file one more time.  Everything should be
hunky-dory.

\end{enumerate}

If my file is bozo.tex, then in tcsh, I type \verb`latex bozo`, then
\verb`bibtex !$`, then I hit the uparrow key twice, and then one more
uparrow.

\subheading{Two final pieces of advice}

\begin{description}

\item[Read over your bibliography.]  Do not assume that just because
you think you typed the entries into the .bib file correctly, they'll
print OK in your paper.  Read the bibliography and verify.  You would
not believe some of the bibliography errors I see in papers submitted
to conferences and even journals: names spelled incorrectly, missing
page numbers, and even citations with just a URL and nothing else!

\item[Do not copy bibliography entries from others.]  Do not steal
entries in .bib files.  Make your own.  Do not copy a bibliography
entry from a published paper.  \emph{Make sure that you have the cited
work in your own hands, or at the very least, that you have verified
that the entry is 100\% correct!}

Believe it or not, I have seen---many times---authors cite \emph{their
own work} incorrectly.  So you should not even copy a bibliography
entry for a paper by author~X from something else by author~X!

Blind copying of bibliography entries is how bibliography errors
propagate.

\end{description}

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